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Introduction to Mass Communication

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COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE

COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE


The debate which always rant and rave whenever there is a talk about communication is the
mystery of cultures which vary from place to place and through times and which cause perhaps the
strongest hurdles in understanding of what has been said (by people of one culture) and what has been
understood (by people of an other culture).
Before we start to examine as what factors are responsible to generate this debate, it seems only logical that
we understand what culture is.
Though no definition of culture exists on which all will agree, the one which is close to everyone’s belief is
the way people live, or say the living style of people of a particular area is denoted as their culture. This
includes their living habits, eating and cooking style, dressing up, language they speak in, social values and
traditions they observe along with the religion they follow. Well, for a student of communication – who
believes that a slight change on part of the sender or receiver may effect a huge change in the meaning of a
message – the definition of culture and its little explanation offers only an embarrassing situation for there is
plenty in the name of change that can vary (or destroy) the meaning and hence the process of
communication may face hurdles.

Enculturation

The process of passing on culture from one generation to the next is referred to as enculturation.
Most people are encultured – they receive their cultural values from their parents including language,
religion, dressing up eating and living habits etc. The impact of enculturation is very strong. You generally
carry this culture with you wherever you travel or even settle for some time. For instance a Pakistani settling
in UK will continue to practice its eating, living habit along with other cultural values. In the field of
communication he or she would remain on the look out to find another Pakistani with whom he/she could
talk in Urdu or they sit together and dine the way they have been doing back home. The two would enjoy
the enculturation to the utmost by communicating to each other matters pertaining to their life style.

Acculturation

The most difficult part in the process of communication and cultural conflicts is the process of
acculturation. In this process one tends to learn the rules and norms of a culture different from one’s native
culture. Easy said than done. It may take years even to those who command some expertise on
communication techniques for it is very difficult to break the shell of your own culture only to adopt
another. But people do tend to do so if they have to live longer in another land. For instance if a Pakistani is
settling in America, he will have to acculturate himself by learning the living style of that part of the world –
at least in areas where it could be adopted. It does not mean to scrap your religion but it certainly means
living by the rules and practices of that part of the world if you want to stay there for generations. If one
resists acculturation, one is bound to face embarrassment in every day communication for every message
from him / her will be understood differently (wrongly) by fellow people there and vice versa.
The communication problems arising out of cultural conflicts will simply make life miserable. And not to be
seen as a cross country phenomenon, the cultural differences may exist among different shades of culture
within one society. For instance all the Muslims around the world make one community but vary drastically
in their life style. There being dressing up, traditions at the time of child-birth, weddings and other major
events in life are very contrasting. Within a country these traditions may vary. A Sindhi life style is different
from Baluchi’s and Punjabi traditions on scores of matters are different from what are observed by
Pashtoons. The existence of sub-cultures also leads to communication snags and problems may arise only
due to these factors when people from sub-cultures undertake a joint business.

Cultural Shock

This phenomenon in communication is very common around the world. It occurs when people
from one culture have to live in another culture where normal life values are radically diverse. One may not
like to send his daughter to join dancing, or swimming classes at school in Pakistan, it is a must in certain
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countries. You may have separate colleges, universities or even medical colleges for boys and girls in
Pakistan and some other Islamic countries. But there is no such concept in the west. A family going to the
west will have to face the cultural shock – which is complete breakdown of communication, as long as they
live there without conceding to the concept of acculturation.

Principles of Intercultural Communication
Prepare yourself

The best to overcome communication gaps in multicultural society is to prepare yourself in advance
about the new culture you may face. These days videos, newspapers and magazines are widely available
which tell about the social norms of a society. By learning a good deal on these values, the process of
communication is eased out to a great extent.

Overcoming fears of unseen

Scholars believe that even learned people have a sense of fear when they tend to communicate to
the people of a different culture. At ordinary people level this fear exists even more. That is one reason you
would not find foreign tourists mixing up with local people frequently. Not that they feel superior, but the
fear that any miscommunication by way of words and gestures should not infuriate a local and put the
visitor in an embarrassing situation. The solution here is again in making a fair assessment of what you want
to communicate juxtapose to the social values of the people to whom you want to communicate. Once
getting a positive feedback on your message would dispel the earlier fear and equip you with confidence for
more communication.

Know different meanings due to change in culture

One most important aspect of improving communication in a new culture is the consideration of
meanings of different phrases, gestures and body language in the new culture. Some body gestures which
stand for certain meaning to you due to enculturation may be entirely different in the other culture. A study
of some basic differences in meanings of words and actions between the two cultures is obviously going to
ease the communication gap hence making the process of communication gainful for all involve in the
interaction.

Knowing some hard and fast values

As mentioned earlier, certain societies are strongly under influence of their centuries old traditions.
For instance Muslims do not like eat with left hand or even shake left hand. Others may not find any
problem in using the left hand.
In Indonesian culture direct eye contact is a case of disrespect especially when talking to older people. For
Americans avoiding eye contact means disinterest. Think if a young Indonesian is talking to an American
and the two do not know cultural values of each other, where the communication end up!
There are some times few small things but which have strong implications in the sense of communication.
In America if some one says ‘come over and pay us a visit’, it amounts to only a friendly gesture and not a
formal invitation. In some other cultures the same set of words make the listener (receiver) take the words
seriously and a formal invitation. Think of a situation when an American family says this to a family from a
different culture.

World moving towards acculturation

But with the advancements in electronic media, internet chatting and enhanced movement of
people due to increased traveling facilities, the level of understanding of each other’s culture is going up and
so is the communication. It appears that the communication hurdles raging for the last many centuries
would be reduced as people see more of each other’s living style on the high number of TV channels now
available in most parts of the world.

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